1062 User Guide: Difference between revisions

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__NOINDEX__
<metadesc>Accurately control up to 4 unipolar stepper motors with the PhidgetStepper Unipolar 4-Motor. Connects to your computer via USB.</metadesc>
[[Category:UserGuide]]
[[Category:UserGuide]]
{{UserguideTOC|1062.jpg|1062}}
==Getting Started==
==Getting Started==
{{UGIntro|1062}}
*[{{SERVER}}/products.php?product_id=1062 1062 PhidgetStepper Unipolar 4-Motor]
*USB cable and computer
*{{CT|PowerSupply|Power supply}}
*{{CT|UnipolarStepper|Unipolar stepper motor}}


===Checking the Contents===
{{UGbox|
'''You should have received:'''
* A PhidgetStepper Unipolar 4-Motor
* A Mini-USB Cable
|
'''In order to test your new Phidget you will also need:'''
* A 5 to 12V DC Power Supply (If you use the barrel connector, make sure your power supply is '''center positive''' polarity. Also ensure that the power supply doesn't exceed your motor's voltage rating.)
* A stepper motor (5, 6, or 8 wire)
||}}
===Connecting the Pieces===
{{UGbox|
# Connect the motor to the PhidgetStepper board.  If you are having difficulty connecting your motor, refer to the Technical Section in this manual.
# Connect the power supply to the board using the barrel connector.
# Power supplies with higher current (more than 2.5 Amps) should be wired directly to the terminal block.
# Connect the PhidgetMotorControl board to your PC using the USB cable.
|
[[File:1062_1_Connecting_The_Hardware.jpg|400px|link=]]
||}}
===Testing Using Windows 2000 / XP / Vista / 7===
{{UGwin}}
===Running Phidgets Sample Program===
{{UGwin2|'''Stepper-full'''}}
{{UGbox|
Double Click on the [[File:Ph.jpg|link=]] icon to activate the Phidget Control Panel and make sure that the '''Phidget Unipolar Stepper Controller 4-motor''' is properly attached  to your PC. 
|[[File:1062_1_Control_Panel_Screen.jpg|400px|link=]]
|
# Double Click on '''Phidget Unipolar Stepper Controller 4-motor''' in the Phidget Control Panel to bring up Stepper-full and check that the box labelled Attached contains the word True.
# Select the connected motor.  If you have connected your motor at the same place as the one in the picture on page 6, it should be motor number 0.
# Check the Engaged box to power up the motor.
# Move the Target Position slider to the right or the left.  The target motor position will be displayed in the Position Target box and the motor will start turning until the Actual position is the same as the target.
# Use the Velocity Limit slider to set the maximum velocity. The motor will accelerate until the Actual velocity is equal to the Velocity Limit.
# Use the Acceleration slider to increase or decrease the acceleration.
# When the motor has reached the position target, a tick mark will appear in the Stopped box.
# When the motor is stopped, you can set the current physical position of the motor to a certain value by using the Current Position slider. This is useful for zeroing the motor to a certain physical position.
|[[File:1062_1_Stepper_Screen.jpg|400px|link=]]
}}


===Testing Using Mac OS X===
Next, you will need to connect the pieces:
[[Image:1062_0_Connecting_the_Hardware.jpg|500px|right|link=]]
# Connect the stepper motor to one of the inputs on the PhidgetStepper board. If you are having difficulty connecting the wires, refer to the [[#Technical_Details|technical section]].
# Connect the power supply to the Phidget using the barrel connector.
# Power supplies with higher current (more than 2.5 Amps) should be wired directly into the terminal block.
# Connect the Phidget to your PC using the USB cable.


{{UGmac|Phidget Unipolar Stepper Controller 4-motor|Stepper-full}}
<br clear="all">
{{UGIntroDone|1062}}


===Using Linux===
==Using the 1062==
{{UGcontrolpanel|1062}}


{{UGlinux}}
{{ugStepper|1062|Unipolar Stepper Controller}}


===Using Windows Mobile / CE 5.0 / CE 6.0===
{{ugAddressingInformation}}


{{UGce}}
{{ugUsingYourOwnProgram|1062}}


==Technical Details==
==Technical Details==
===How to Connect your Stepper to the 1062===
===How to Connect your Stepper to the 1062===
Unipolar Stepper motors are available in 5, 6 or 8 wire configurations.
Unipolar Stepper motors are available in 5, 6 or 8 wire configurations.
====5 Wire Stepper Motors====
====5 Wire Stepper Motors====
{{UGbox|
{{UGbox|
In a 5 wire motor, the center taps of the coils are connected together.  This scheme prevents this motor from being controlled as a bipolar motor.
In a 5 wire motor, the center taps of the coils are connected together.  This scheme prevents this motor from being controlled as a bipolar motor.
Line 323: Line 289:
Since stepper motors do not have the inherent ability to sense their actual shaft position, they are considered open loop systems.  This means that the value contained in the current position property is merely a count of the number of steps that have occurred towards the target value; it can not be relied upon as a measure of the actual shaft angle, as the motor can occasionally understep or overstep due to forces such as inertia.   
Since stepper motors do not have the inherent ability to sense their actual shaft position, they are considered open loop systems.  This means that the value contained in the current position property is merely a count of the number of steps that have occurred towards the target value; it can not be relied upon as a measure of the actual shaft angle, as the motor can occasionally understep or overstep due to forces such as inertia.   


For many applications, it is acceptable for the motor to miss a few steps. In applications where positional accuracy is vital, there are several ways of overcoming this drawback. The simplest is to allow the motor load to depress a limit switch located at a known position. This can be used to fire an event in software to recalibrate the shaft position values.  A more elegant solution might involve the mounting of an optical [[Encoder Primer|encoder]] on the shaft and the development of a control system.
For many applications, it is acceptable for the motor to miss a few steps. In applications where positional accuracy is vital, there are several ways of overcoming this drawback. The simplest is to allow the motor load to depress a limit switch located at a known position. This can be used to fire an event in software to recalibrate the shaft position values.  A more elegant solution might involve the mounting of an optical [[Encoder Guide|encoder]] on the shaft and the development of a control system.


===Stepping Mechanism===
===Stepping Mechanism===
Line 408: Line 374:
===Further Reading===
===Further Reading===


For more information about stepper motors and how they work, check the [[Stepper Motor and Controller Primer]].
For more information about stepper motors and how they work, check the [[Stepper Motor and Controller Guide]].
 
==API==
{{UGapih}}
 
===Functions===
 
{{UGapi|int MotorCount() [get]
|Returns the number of motors this PhidgetStepper can control.  In the case of the 1062, this will always return 4.  This call does not return the number of motors actually connected - on the 1062, there is no way of programmatically finding out if motors are connected.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double Acceleration(int MotorIndex) [get,set]
|Acceleration is the maximum change in velocity the PhidgetStepper uses when speeding up/ slowing down the motor. This is specified in the same units used for MotorPosition - in the case of the 1062, half-steps.
* If your motor is heavily loaded, or not supplied with a high enough voltage, there will be a practical limit on how fast it can accelerate. 
* The range of valid Acceleration permitted is bounded by the software properties AccelerationMax/AccelerationMin. 
* This property should be set by the user as part of initialization. If not set, this value will remain unknown, and could be any of: Minimum acceleration, mid-point acceleration, or any value previously set by another application.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double AccelerationMax(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|AccelerationMax is the Maximum Acceleration the 1062 can accept, and apply to the motor.  That does not mean that your motor can accelerate that fast! API for the PhidgetStepper Unipolar 4-Motor We document API Calls specific to this product in this section. Functions common to all Phidgets and functions not applicable to this device are not covered here. This section is deliberately generic. For calling conventions under a specific language, refer to the associated API manual. For exact values, refer to the device specifications.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double AccelerationMin(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|AccelerationMin is the Minimum Acceleration the 1062 can accept, and apply to the motor.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double Velocity(int MotorIndex) [get]
|Velocity returns the current speed that a particular motor is being driven at.  In the case of the 1062, the unit is half-steps per second.  With the PhidgetStepper, there is no way of directly controlling the velocity of a motor, because of acceleration curves, however the maximum velocity (VelocityLimit) can be set.  The Velocity is returned from the 1062 - so there will be a delay - typically 30-50ms.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double VelocityLimit(int MotorIndex) [get,set]
|Sets the maximum velocity that the stepper controller will move the motor.  Please note that this is not necessarily the speed that the motor is being turned at.  The motor is accelerated to the VelocityLimit, and then decelerated as it approaches the target.  If the target is close enough, you may never reach the VelocityLimit.
* VelocityLimit is bounded by VelocityMax/VelocityMin.
* This property should be set by the user as part of initialization. If not set, this value will remain unknown, and could be any of: 0 (motor won’t move), mid-point velocity, or any value previously set by another application.
* Note that when VelocityLimit is set to 0, the motor will not move.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double VelocityMax(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|VelocityMax is the Maximum VelocityLimit the 1062 can accept.  Functionally, this is the maximum speed that the 1062 can drive your motors at.
}}
 
{{UGapi|double VelocityMin(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|VelocityMin is the Minimum Velocity Limit the 1062 can accept.
}}
 
{{UGapi|int64 CurrentMotorPosition(int MotorIndex) [get,set]
|Returns the current position of a motor.  Note that there will be some lag (typical 30-50ms) between the PhidgetStepper reporting a position, and that position being read by your application. CurrentMotorPosition is fixedpoint - an increment of one is one half-step - the smallest step that the 1062 can move the motor.
 
:Sets the current physical position of the motor to a specified current position value. For example, if you rotate the motor 180 degrees and then set current position to zero, the controller will treat this 180 degree position as the zero position. This function also sets the target position to the same value, in order to stop the motor from moving. This is useful for zeroing the position when a limit switch is reached.  To keep accurate track of position, CurrentMotorPosition should only be set when the MotorStopped property is true, because if this property is set while the motor is moving, the motor will have to decelerate to stop moving, before setting the current position.
}}
 
{{UGapi|int64 TargetMotorPosition(int MotorIndex) [get,set]
|Sets the desired motor position.  Note that setting TargetMotorPosition will override a previous set TargetMotorPosition, and the motor will begin tracking to the new position immediately.  The velocity of the motor will be ramped appropriately.  TargetMotorPosition is bounded by MotorPositionMin, and MotorPositionMax.
 
:Returns the last set TargetMotorPosition.
}}
 
{{UGapi|int64 MotorPositionMax(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|MotorPositionMax is the Maximum MotorPosition the 1062 can accept.  Functionally, this is the largest position that the 1062 can move your motors toward. The initial MotorPosition is halfway between Min and Max. Behaviour is undefined if MotorPosition is driven past Min or Max.
}}
 
{{UGapi|int64 MotorPositionMin(int MotorIndex) [get] : Constant
|MotorPositionMin is the Minimum MotorPosition the 1062 can move your motors toward.
}}
 
{{UGapi|bool Engaged(int MotorIndex) [get,set]
|Enables a particular stepper to be positioned.  If this property is false, no power is applied to the motor.  Note that when the motor is first Enabled, the coils may not be exactly aligned, and the motor will snap to position.MotorOn is useful to reduce the power consumed by a motor once it’s reached a given position.  If you are concerned about keeping accurate track of position, MotorOn should not be disabled until MotorStopped <nowiki>=</nowiki> True.
}}
 
{{UGapi|bool Stopped(int MotorIndex) [get]
|MotorStopped guarantees that the motor is not moving (unless you are moving it by hand), and that there are no commands in the pipeline to the motor.  Note that virtually any API calls will cause MotorStopped to be temporarily false, even changing Acceleration or VelocityLimit on a stopped motor.
}}
 
===Events===
{{UGapi|VelocityChange(int MotorIndex, double Velocity) [event]
|An event issued when the velocity changes on a motor.
}}
 
{{UGapi|PositionChange(int MotorIndex, int64 Velocity) [event]
|An event issued when the position changes on a motor.  You are not guaranteed to receive events for every motor position - updates are throttled at approximately 16ms.
}}


==Product History==
{{UGnext|}}
{{UGhist}}
{{UGrow|April 2008    |0|101|Product Release}}
{{UGrow|May 2011      |0|102|getLabelString fixed for lables > 7 characters}}
{{UGrow|September 2011|1|102|Replace USB Connector with Mini-USB connector.}}

Latest revision as of 19:48, 1 June 2023


Getting Started

Welcome to the 1062 user guide! In order to get started, make sure you have the following hardware on hand:


Next, you will need to connect the pieces:

1062 0 Connecting the Hardware.jpg
  1. Connect the stepper motor to one of the inputs on the PhidgetStepper board. If you are having difficulty connecting the wires, refer to the technical section.
  2. Connect the power supply to the Phidget using the barrel connector.
  3. Power supplies with higher current (more than 2.5 Amps) should be wired directly into the terminal block.
  4. Connect the Phidget to your PC using the USB cable.


Now that you have everything together, let's start using the 1062!

Using the 1062

Phidget Control Panel

In order to demonstrate the functionality of the 1062, the Phidget Control Panel running on a Windows machine will be used.


The Phidget Control Panel is available for use on both macOS and Windows machines.

Windows

To open the Phidget Control Panel on Windows, find the Ph.jpg icon in the taskbar. If it is not there, open up the start menu and search for Phidget Control Panel

Windows PhidgetTaskbar.PNG

macOS

To open the Phidget Control Panel on macOS, open Finder and navigate to the Phidget Control Panel in the Applications list. Double click on the Ph.jpg icon to bring up the Phidget Control Panel.


For more information, take a look at the getting started guide for your operating system:


Linux users can follow the getting started with Linux guide and continue reading here for more information about the 1062.

First Look

After plugging the 1062 into your computer and opening the Phidget Control Panel, you will see something like this:

1062 Panel.jpg


The Phidget Control Panel will list all connected Phidgets and associated objects, as well as the following information:

  • Serial number: allows you to differentiate between similar Phidgets.
  • Channel: allows you to differentiate between similar objects on a Phidget.
  • Version number: corresponds to the firmware version your Phidget is running. If your Phidget is listed in red, your firmware is out of date. Update the firmware by double-clicking the entry.


The Phidget Control Panel can also be used to test your device. Double-clicking on an object will open an example.

Stepper Motor

Double-click on the Stepper object, labelled Unipolar Stepper Controller, in order to run the example:

1062 Stepper Example.jpg


General information about the selected object will be displayed at the top of the window. You can also experiment with the following functionality:

  • Toggle the Engage button to provide power to the motor coils.
  • By default, motor position, velocity, and acceleration are measured in sixteenths of a step. If you want to use different units, change the value in the Rescale Factor textbox.
  • Use the Target Position slider to set a new target position. Change the Acceleration and Velocity sliders to speed up or slow down the 1062's approach.
  • Select the Velocity (Continuous) Control tab for continuous rotation instead of specifiying a position.


Finding The Addressing Information

Before you can access the device in your own code, and from our examples, you'll need to take note of the addressing parameters for your Phidget. These will indicate how the Phidget is physically connected to your application. For simplicity, these parameters can be found by clicking the button at the top of the Control Panel example for that Phidget.

The locate Phidget button is found in the device information box

In the Addressing Information window, the section above the line displays information you will need to connect to your Phidget from any application. In particular, note the Channel Class field as this will be the API you will need to use with your Phidget, and the type of example you should use to get started with it. The section below the line provides information about the network the Phidget is connected on if it is attached remotely. Keep track of these parameters moving forward, as you will need them once you start running our examples or your own code.

All the information you need to address your Phidget

Using Your Own Program

You are now ready to start writing your own code for the device. The best way to do that is to start from our Code Samples.

Select your programming language of choice from the drop-down list to get an example for your device. You can use the options provided to further customize the example to best suit your needs.

Code Sample Choose Language.png


Once you have your example, you will need to follow the instructions on the page for your programming language to get it running. To find these instructions, select your programming language from the Programming Languages page.

Technical Details

How to Connect your Stepper to the 1062

Unipolar Stepper motors are available in 5, 6 or 8 wire configurations.

5 Wire Stepper Motors

In a 5 wire motor, the center taps of the coils are connected together. This scheme prevents this motor from being controlled as a bipolar motor.

To use a 5 wire motor as a unipolar, the center tap wire is connected to the power supply.

Determining how to connect a 5 wire stepper to a Unipolar Stepper Controller, like the 1062 can be done by following this procedure.

Start by measuring the resistance between all the wires. Below is a sample table of resistance data, in ohms. This table contains example values, your readings may be different but should still produce a similar pattern.

1062 1 Motor Types 5wire.jpg


Wire Color Blue Green Red Yellow Purple
Blue 147 74 147 147
Green 74 147 147
Red 74 74
Yellow 147
Purple


Looking at the table, you should notice a pattern; the red wire has the same resistance to the other four wires. This tells us that red is our + (center tap) wire, and should be wired to the power supply connection. On the 1062 PhidgetStepper, the power supply connection is labelled as (+). There are two power supply connections available on the 1062 for each motor - either can be used. Disconnect the power from the board and connect the center tap wire to the (+) connection.

Pick one of the remaining four wires and wire it to the A terminal, and connect the other wire for that coil to the B terminal. Connect the remaining wires to C and D. The motor should work regardless of which wire is connected to C and which is in D, but one of these combinations will result in a clockwise rotation for increasing position and counter-clockwise rotation for decreasing position, and the other will produce the opposite rotation.

6 Wire Stepper Motors

The process is similar to a 5 wire motor. On a 6 – wire motor, there will be two + wires, one for each coil, which are the center taps for each coil. You will need to isolate which are the center tap wires and the corresponding wires for their coil.

These center taps must be wired together to the power supply.

Let’s assume our six wire stepper motor wires are colored as follows: red, green, black, white, brown, and yellow.


We measure the resistance between all wires and are presented with the following values in ohms (these are simply example values) :

1062 1 Motor Types 6wire.jpg


Wire Color White Red Blue Green Purple Yellow
White ∞ ∞ ∞ 10 10
Red 10 10 ∞ ∞
Blue 20 ∞ ∞
Green ∞ ∞
Purple 20
Yellow


Looking at our table, we can see our pattern. The white wire has the same resistance to the purple and yellow wires. The red wire has the same resistance to the blue and green wires. White, purple, and yellow bring out one coil, and red, blue, and green are the other coil. The red and white wires are the center of their coils.

Disconnect the power from the board and connect the red and white wires to the (+) terminal block connections on the PhidgetStepper. Pick one of the remaining four wires and wire it to the A terminal, and connect the other wire for that coil to the B terminal. Connect the remaining wires to C and D. The motor should work regardless of which wire is connected to C and which is in D, but one of these combinations will result in a clockwise rotation for increasing position and counter-clockwise rotation for decreasing position, and the other will produce the opposite rotation.

8 Wire Stepper Motors

8 Wire Motors are very difficult to wire up if you do not have a schematic showing how the wires are connected to the internal coils. Only follow these instructions if you are really desperate. In an 8 wire motor, the coils are split, and to operate it as a unipolar, we have to reconnect the coils to reduce it to a 6 wire unipolar.

Assume our eight wire stepper motor wires are colored as follows: Orange, blue, red, green, brown, yellow, white and purple. In an 8-wire stepper motor, these wires would be part of 4 coils, 2 wires per coil. We need to determine the cable pairings.

We measure the resistance between each wire and are presented with the following values in ohms (these are simply example values):


1062 1 Motor Types 8wire.jpg
Wire Color Orange Red Yellow Purple Blue Green Brown White
Orange ∞ ∞ ∞ 1 ∞ ∞ ∞
Red ∞ ∞ ∞ 1 ∞ ∞
Yellow ∞ ∞ ∞ 1 ∞
Purple ∞ ∞ ∞ 1
Blue ∞ ∞ ∞
Green ∞ ∞
Brown ∞
White


This table tells us which wires are parts of a coil. From the table we can tell that orange/blue, green/red, brown/yellow, and white/purple are the coils.

Of each pair, one of the wires will be assigned to A, B, C, or D, and the other wire will be connected to another pair. The number of combinations to be tried to see if they produce rotation is large, but can be reduced to a maximum of 96 possibilities by following these steps:

  1. Choose Red/Blue to connect to A. (2 possibilities)
  2. Choose one wire of the other pairs (6 possibilities) and connect to B. The other wire from this pair is connected to the wire from Step 1 not connected to A.
  3. Choose one wire from the two remaining pairs (4 possibilities) and connect to C.
  4. Choose one wire from the remaining pair (2 possibilities) and connect to the wire from Step 3 not connected to C. The remaining wire from this pair is connected to D.
  5. After trying each permutation, engage the motor from software and try to rotate it. Since you are driving the motor as Unipolar, the connected pairs should be connected to the (+) on the PhidgetStepper Controller.
  6. If you attempt to use this algorithm, build a table of permutations beforehand and proceed in a systematic way.

There are a total of 96 wiring combinations, of which there are 2 valid combinations where one will cause a clockwise motor rotation and the other will cause a counter-clockwise rotation.

In order to properly determine the proper wiring for your motor we suggest consulting any manuals or data sheets that are associated with your particular motor.

Controlling Steppers

Stepper motors precision are limited by the manufacturing process used to build them. Errors in the rotor and coils will cause some degree of inaccuracy. In our experience, inexpensive stepper motors will often have positioning errors approaching a half-step.

Since stepper motors do not have the inherent ability to sense their actual shaft position, they are considered open loop systems. This means that the value contained in the current position property is merely a count of the number of steps that have occurred towards the target value; it can not be relied upon as a measure of the actual shaft angle, as the motor can occasionally understep or overstep due to forces such as inertia.

For many applications, it is acceptable for the motor to miss a few steps. In applications where positional accuracy is vital, there are several ways of overcoming this drawback. The simplest is to allow the motor load to depress a limit switch located at a known position. This can be used to fire an event in software to recalibrate the shaft position values. A more elegant solution might involve the mounting of an optical encoder on the shaft and the development of a control system.

Stepping Mechanism

The 1062 PhidgetStepper Unipolar controls stepper motors in half-step increments. A Position increment of one corresponds to one half-step. A stepper motor with 15 degree step increments will rotate in 7.5 degree steps. The 1062 accomplishes this by alternating the number of powered coils between one and two, always at least one coil powered. In this way, the rotor is positioned at both full steps and half steps. The table below describes the order in which coils are powered to achieve this.

Step Number Coil A Coil B Coil C Coil D Shaft Angle
1 ON OFF ON OFF 0º
2 ON OFF OFF OFF 7.5º
3 ON OFF OFF ON 15º
4 OFF OFF OFF ON 22.5º
5 OFF ON OFF ON 30º
6 OFF ON OFF OFF 37.5º
7 OFF ON ON OFF 45º
8 OFF OFF ON OFF 52.5º

After step number 8 in the table, the order the coils are powered in simply repeats from the beginning. As the motor approaches the requested position, it is decelerated according to the value of the acceleration property. When the desired position has been reached, the 1062 stops the motor and holds it at that position.

Synchronization of Multiple Motors

Many applications call for several steppers motors operating in unison - for example, operating a CNC table, or a robot arm. Highly precise synchronization of steppers using the PhidgetStepper is not possible, as the sequencing will be affected by the real-time performance of your operating system. Each stepper is controlled as a independent unit, so there is no way of arranging for a particular action to happen to all motors at the same time. Typical jitter can be 10-30ms.

Compatibility Guidelines

When looking for a motor that will be compatible with the 1062, check the motor's data sheet and make sure it meets the following specifications.

  • Unipolar motor - The 1062 can only be used with resistive-limited unipolar stepper motors.
  • 5, 6, or 8-wire motor - A 4-wire motor cannot be used with the 1062, because the centre taps of the coils are not exposed.
  • Rated/Recommended Voltage - If the motor comes with a rated or recommended voltage, it should be no more than 12 volts, and you should use a power supply that can output that voltage.
  • Rated Current - The motor should be rated for a maximum of 1A per coil.

Further Reading

For more information about stepper motors and how they work, check the Stepper Motor and Controller Guide.

What to do Next

  • Programming Languages - Find your preferred programming language here and learn how to write your own code with Phidgets!
  • Phidget Programming Basics - Once you have set up Phidgets to work with your programming environment, we recommend you read our page on to learn the fundamentals of programming with Phidgets.


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