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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Solid state relays (SSRs) turn on or off the power being supplied to other devices without the need of a physical switch.  
[[Image:SSR.jpg|thumb|link=|A "hockey puck" SSR, so named because of its thick shape and black color. They are specifically designed to switch either AC loads or DC loads, but never both.]]
With relays, you control high-current devices with low-current signals, like a standard DC signal from a [[Digital Output Primer|Digital Output]].


They perform the same job as [[Mechanical Relay Primer|Mechanical Relays]], but have the following advantages:
Solid state relays (SSRs) turn on or off the power being supplied to other devices, in a similar fashion as a physical switch. However, instead of being switched by human interaction like a physical switch, SSRs are switched electronically.
* SSRs produce less electromagnetic interference during operation, as opposed to mechanical relays, where internal contacts spark when switching.
With SSRs, you can control high-current devices such as lights or appliances with low-current signals, like a standard DC signal from a digital output. Many SSRs will switch on with a voltage of 3V or higher. This makes them perfect for use with the [[InterfaceKit Digital Outputs|Outputs on Phidget InterfaceKits]], or any other device with a digital output, such as the [{{SERVER}}/?prodid=714 OUT1100 - Digital Output Phidget]. Using the ports of a {{VINTHub}} in digital output mode may not work, since they may not provide enough power to activate the SSR. If your digital output is not powerful enough, you may want to connect an external MOSFET to switch a more suitable supply to control the SSR.
* The switch contacts of a mechanical relay will eventually wear down from sparking.  An SSR will have a longer life because its internals are purely digital.  Properly used, they will last for millions of cycles.
 
SSRs perform the same job as [[Mechanical Relay Guide|Mechanical Relays]], but have the following advantages:
* SSRs produce less electromagnetic interference than mechanical relays during operation. This is mostly due to the absence of a phenomenon called [[Mechanical Relay Guide#Arcing, Interference, and Sticking|contact arcing]] only present in mechanical relays, where the physical contacts of the relay tend to spark internally while switching. The reduced interference can also be attributed to the fact that SSRs do not use electromagnets to switch.
* The switch contacts of a mechanical relay will eventually wear down from arcing.  An SSR will have a longer life because its internals are purely digital.  Properly used, they will last for millions of cycles.
* SSRs turn on and off faster than mechanical relays (≈1ms compared to ≈10ms).
* SSRs turn on and off faster than mechanical relays (≈1ms compared to ≈10ms).
* SSRs are less susceptible to physical vibrations than mechanical relays.
* SSRs are less susceptible to physical vibrations than mechanical relays.
* Since the switch inside an SSR isn't a mechanical switch, it does not suffer from [[Switch Primer#Bounce|contact bounce]], and operates silently.
* Since the switch inside an SSR isn't a mechanical switch, it does not suffer from [[Mechanical_Relay_Guide#Contact_Bounce|contact bounce]] and operates silently.
 
SSRs are more expensive to produce and will dissipate more energy in the form of heat (1-2% of the energy intended to power the load).
 
==How it Works==


The control inputs are connected internally to an LED, which shines across an air gap to light sensors. The pairing of an LED with light sensors is called an optocoupler, and is a common technique to link two parts of a circuit without direct connection.  The light sensor is connected to the transistors which open or close, supplying the relay's load with power.  
However, compared to Mechanical Relays, SSRs:
* Are more expensive.
* Will dissipate more energy in the form of heat (1-2% of the energy intended to power the load).


==How SSRs Work==
[[Image:SSR_Internals.png|thumb|link=|A conceptual diagram of the insides of an SSR.<br />]]
The control inputs are connected internally to an LED, which shines across an air gap to light sensors. 
The light sensor is connected to the transistors which open or close, supplying the relay's load with power.
When a transistor is '''closed''', current can flow freely through the relay, causing the load and power supply to be connected.
When a transistor is '''open''', almost all current is blocked, causing the load to become disconnected from the power supply.
The pairing of an LED with light sensors is called an optocoupler, and is a common technique to link two parts of a circuit without a direct electrical connection.
<br clear=all>
===Basic Use===
===Basic Use===
Controlling an SSR is no more complicated than turning an LED on and off. Switch it on, switch it off, it's that easy. 


Controlling an SSR is no more complicated than driving an LED.  There are many ways of accomplishing this with Phidgets -
The ability of an SSR to switch a load is very similar to a [[Mechanical Relay Guide|mechanical relay]] or simple switch.
*[[Link to Digital Output Page, SSR Section]]
By turning the digital output controlling the relay on and off, you control whether or not the load is connected to its power supply.
*[[Link to Digital Output Page 0/16/16, SSR Section]]
*[[Link to LED Output Page, SSR Section]]


The ability of an SSR to switch a load is very similar to a relay or simple switch. In practice however, there is no one SSR perfect for all applications. To choose an SSR for your application, please follow [[#Choosing an SSR]]
The challenge is to pick an appropriate type of SSR for your application. There is no single SSR perfect for all applications. To choose an SSR for your particular application, please follow the [[#Choosing an SSR|Choosing an SSR]] section.
<br clear=all>


===Safety===
===Safety===
[[File:relay_safety.jpg|thumb|500px|link=|Two circuit diagrams showing the improper and proper ways of switching mains electricity with a relay.<br />]]


Relays can switch high currents and voltages, and standard precautions apply.  Make sure you never touch the terminals while the relay is powered, and if your SSR came with a plastic cover, use it.  Even when the SSR is switched off, a very small amount of current will flow.
Since relays switch high currents and voltages, standard electricity safety precautions apply.  Make sure you never touch the terminals while the relay is powered. If your SSR came with a plastic cover, use it.  Even when the SSR is switched off, a very small amount of current will flow.


When an SSR fails, it most often fails permanently closed - leaving your load powered, and possibly creating a fire or safety hazard.
When placing a relay in a circuit, it is always a good idea to put it between the power supply and the load, especially when using higher voltages. If the relay is instead placed between the load and ground, the circuit will still work the same, but when the relay is open, the load will still be directly connected to the power supply. This could cause safety concerns because someone might touch the terminals on the load, thinking it's safe because the device appears to be off. If the electricity finds a path to ground through their body, they will be electrocuted. If the relay is placed between the power supply and the ground, electrocution would only be a risk if the live terminal on the relay is touched. Again, the relay terminals should always be properly covered to avoid the risk of electrocution.  


==Choosing an SSR==
When an SSR fails, it most often fails permanently closed. This is because when the transistor inside fails due to excessive current or heat, it will usually short out, allowing current to pass through unimpeded.
This means that as long as the power supply remains on, the load will be powered, possibly creating a fire or safety hazard.


===I need to switch AC===
<br clear=all>


Most AC applications will be switching 110 to 240 Volt power coming from the grid.  If that's you, [[#Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)]]
==Choosing an SSR==
===Identify your voltage===
First, determine whether you need to switch AC or DC voltage. The electrical grid, and thus your wall outlet, runs AC, whereas batteries and most small power supplies are DC.   


We also cover low voltage AC applications - 28 VAC or less.  [[#AC/DC SSRs]]
Next, determine the maximum number of volts you will be switching.  If you are switching DC, particularly with batteries, assume your voltage is at least 25% more than what your battery is rated for.  Even larger fluctuations occur on AC, but AC SSRs are designed to handle these surges.  Typical AC voltage from a wall socket in North America is 110VAC, whereas in Europe it is usually 220VAC. If you are switching AC voltage from a wall socket, check which standard your country uses, and use that number as your voltage.


===I need to switch DC===
===Identify your current===
The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it is in use.  If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call ''Average Load Current''.  If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage (power rating) of your load, you can calculate Average Load Current by:


If you don't need to switch a lot of current - 9 Amps or less, consider our cost effective (and small!) [[#AC/DC SSRs]].
<center>
<math>
\text{Average Load Current} =\frac{\text{Watts}}{\text{Operating Voltage}}
</math>
</center>


At more than 9 Amps, you need a serious [[#DC SSRs]]
Next, you need to know the current drawn by your load when it is first turned on.  Many loads demand a huge inrush of current when the load is first turned on. This places a significant amount of stress on the electronics inside the SSR.  If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace starts up, this is caused by the fan motor starting up. In the same way that it takes a lot of force to move a heavy object from rest, it initially takes a lot of current to power up a fan or incandescent bulb. It's very difficult to measure the '''Surge Current''' itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type.  Surge Current is also referred to as '''inrush current'''.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin:auto; width: 50%"
|-
|style="background: #f0f0f0"|'''Application '''
|style="background: #f0f0f0"|'''Multiplier '''
|-
| Incandescent Light Bulbs
| 6x
|-
| Motors
| 6x
|-
| LEDs
| 1x
|-
| Complex Electronics i.e., Motor Controllers, Phidgets
| 6x
|-
| Fluorescent Light Fixtures  (AC Only)
| 10x
|-
| Transformers
| 20x           
|-
| Heaters
| 1x
|-
|}


==Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)==


===Identify your voltage===


We sell AC SSRs for 120 VAC or 240 VAC operation.  Look for this on the SSR Product pages under the Maximum Load Voltage specification.  If you are unsure what voltages you could be switching in the future, the 240 VAC relays can be used to switch 120 VAC.  Please note we are very conservative in how we rate relays - our 120 VAC relays are rated by the manufacturer for 240 VAC, and the 240 VAC for 380 VAC - but we strongly recommend against using them to the manufacturer rated voltage.  To understand why, read the [[#AC SSR Protection]] section.
Multiply your Average Load Current by the multiplier for your device type to calculate the Surge Current.


===Identify your current===
===I need to switch AC===
Most AC applications will be switching 110 to 240 Volt power coming from the grid.  If that's you, go to the [[#Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)|Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)]] section.


The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it runs. If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call '''Average Load Current'''. If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage of your device, you can calculate Average Load Current by:
We also cover low voltage AC applications - 28 VAC (Volts AC) or less. For more information, visit the [[#AC/DC SSRs|AC/DC SSRs]] section.


Average Load Current = Wattage / Operating Voltage
===I need to switch DC===
If you only need to switch a small amount of current - 9 Amps or less, consider our compact, cost effective [[#AC/DC SSRs|AC/DC SSRs]].


Next, we need to know the current drawn by your device when it is first turned on.  Many devices demand a huge inrush of current, stressing electronics.  If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace kicks in, this is the fan motor starting up.  It's very difficult to measure the '''Surge Current''' itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type.  Surge Current may also be known as inrush current.
If you need to switch more than 9 Amps, you need a serious [[#DC SSRs|DC SSR]].


* What other kinds of AC devices will our customers want to connect? PCs, Microwaves,  
If you need to switch up to 4 small loads of 8 Amps or less, you can use the open collector (externally powered) digital outputs on a [{{SERVER}}/products.php?product_id=REL1100 REL1100 - 4x Isolated SSR Phidget], which can be wired to behave similarly to relays. If you need even more relays, have a look at the [{{SERVER}}/products.php?product_id=REL1101 REL1101 - 16x Isolated SSR Phidget].


TABLE - surge current multiplier
==I need Gradual Dimming==
Incandescent Light Bulbs
Instead of simply turning the load on/off, if you want to dim it gradually, you can use a proportional control SSR.  They are able to reduce the average power to the load gradually, in proportion to the strength of the input signal. For more information, you can visit the [[#Proportional Control SSR|Proportional Control SSR Section]].
Fluorescent Light Fixtures
Motors
Transformers
Heaters


Multiply your Average Load Current by the multiplier for your device type to calculate the Surge Current.
==Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)==
We sell AC SSRs for 120 VAC or 240 VAC operation. If you are unsure what voltages you could eventually need to switch, the 240 VAC relays can be used to switch 120 VAC with no problems.  Please note we are very conservative in how we rate SSRs - our 120 VAC relays are rated by the manufacturer for 240 VAC, and the 240 VAC for 480 VAC.  We strongly recommend against using them to the manufacturer rated voltage.  To understand why, read the [[#AC SSR Protection|AC SSR Protection]] section.


===Load Type - Inductive vs. Resistive===
===Load Type - Inductive vs. Resistive===
[[Image:zero cross.png|right|link=|thumb|400px|This graph shows the difference between zero-cross and random turn-on. The blue line represents the oscillating voltage of an AC load, and the shaded areas represent the sections when the relay is turned on and letting current pass through. As you can see, the random turn-on SSR immediately opens when activated, while the zero-cross turn-on SSR waits until the voltage crosses zero before opening.<br />[[Media:zero cross.png|Full-size Image]]]]


If your load is inductive, you need to choose a '''Random Turn On''' relay.  If your load is resistive, choose a '''Zero Crossing''' relay.


[[Image:zero cross.png|right|thumb|300px|This graph shows the difference between zero-cross and random turn-on. The blue line represents the oscillating voltage of an AC load, and the shaded areas represent the sections when the relay is turned on and letting current pass through. As you can see, the random turn-on SSR immediately opens when activated, while the zero-cross turn-on SSR waits until the voltage crosses zero before opening.]]
Your Load will probably be inductive if it is built around a large coil of wire - motors and transformers are typical examples. A load considered resistive may also have loops of wire - for instance, hair dryers, toasters, incandescent bulbs use twisted wire elements to generate the heat.  An inductive load will have thousands of loops of wire - it's a matter of scale.  There is no such thing as a perfectly resistive load - but a load has to be very inductive to cause the zero crossing SSRs to malfunction.


SSRs are designed to either turn on immediately ('''Random Turn On'''), or wait until the next 'alternation' of the voltage ('''Zero Crossing''').  Zero Crossing SSRs create less electromagnetic 'noise' when they turn on, and '''MIGHT TBD''' cost more money.  They are best used with resistive loads - Zero Crossing SSRs are not able to turn off some inductive loads.  It's very difficult to determine which inductive loads will create problems - well beyond the scope of this document.  If your load is inductive, we recommend buying the '''Random Turn On''' SSRs.
SSRs are designed to either turn on immediately ('''Random Turn On'''), or wait until the next 'alternation' of the voltage ('''Zero Crossing''').  Zero Crossing SSRs create less electromagnetic 'noise' when they turn on.  They are best used with resistive loads - Zero Crossing SSRs are not able to turn off some inductive loads.  It's very difficult to determine which inductive loads will create problems - well beyond the scope of this document.  If your load is inductive, we recommend buying the '''Random Turn On''' SSRs.


Your Load will probably be inductive if it is built around a large coil of wire - motors and transformers are typical examples.  A load considered resistive may also have loops of wire - for instance, hair dryers, toasters, incandescent bulbs use twisted wire elements to generate the heat.  An inductive load will have thousands of loops of wire - it's a matter of scale.  There is no such thing as a perfectly resistive load - but the load has to be really inductive to cause the zero crossing SSRs to malfunction.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin:auto; width: 50%"
|style="background: #f0f0f0" | '''Application'''
|style="background: #f0f0f0" | '''Load Type'''
|-
| Incandescent Light Bulbs 
| Resistive
|-
| Fluorescent Light Fixtures
| Inductive or Resistive <font size=4>'''*'''</font>
|-
| Motors                   
| Inductive
|-
| Transformers             
| Inductive
|-
| Heaters                   
| Resistive
|-
| Computer / Electronics   
| Resistive
|-
| AC/DC power supplies (brick heavy type)   
| Inductive
|-
|AC/DC Power supplies (lightweight switchers)
| Resistive
|}


Another good reason to use Random Turn On SSRs for inductive loads is the coils will be wrapped around a magnetic material like iron.  As the current flow generates magnetic fields, the iron is repeatedly magnetized in opposite directions.  Depending on how the iron was magnetized when the power was removed, and your luck when the load is turned on, an effect called saturation can produce a huge inrush of current.  Zero Crossing SSRs are more likely to turn on the load at exactly the worst time. 
<font size=4>'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''</font> ''For fluorescent light fixtures, older units (magnetic ballast) may be inductive, and newer units are often resistive (electronic ballast).''
 
TABLE - specify inductive / resistive
*Incandescent Light Bulbs    Resistive
*Fluorescent Light Fixtures  Older units (magnetic ballast) may be inductive, newer units resistive (electronic ballast)
*Motors              Inductive
*Transformers        Inductive
*Heaters              Resistive
*Computer / Electronics
*AC/DC power supplies  (brick heavy type)  Inductive
*AC/DC Power supplies  (lightweight switchers)  Resistive
 
Remember, if your load is inductive, choose a '''Random Turn On''' relay. If your load is resistive, choose a '''Zero Crossing''' relay.
 
===Picking your AC SSR===


===Choosing your AC SSR===
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, and your load type (inductive or resistive), you can create a short list of relays whose  
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, and your load type (inductive or resistive), you can create a short list of relays whose  
* Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
* '''Maximum Load Voltage''' are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
* Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and  
* '''Maximum Surge Current''' are greater than or equal to your surge current, and  
* Turn On Type matches what you chose for random turn on/zero crossing.
* '''Load type''' matches what you chose for random turn on/zero crossing.


Now compare the '''Load with No Heatsink''' value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current.  If your Average Load Current is greater, you need a heat sink.  For picking a heatsink, please go to [[#Picking a heatsink]] Consider other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current with no heatsink.
Now compare the '''Maximum Load Current without Heatsink''' value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current.  If your Average Load Current is greater, you may need a heatsink.  For selecting a heatsink, please consult [[#Picking a heatsink|Picking a Heatsink]]. Alternatively, look at other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current with no heatsink


At this point, you know the SSR you need.
At this point, you know the SSR you need.


Instead of simply turning the load on/off, do you want to dim it? SSRs that are able to reduce the average power to the load are called Proportional Control SSRs. Read about them [[#Proportional Control SSR|here]]
Instead of simply turning the load on/off, if you want to dim it gradually, you can use a proportional control SSR. They are able to reduce the average power to the load gradually, in proportion to the strength of the input signal. For more information, you can visit the [[#Proportional Control SSR|Proportional Control SSR Section]].


If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our [[#Did you know?]] section.
If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our [[#Did you know?|"Did you know?"]] section.


===AC SSR Protection===
===AC SSR Protection===
[[Image:MOV.jpg|thumb|link=|An MOV, which comes packaged with our AC "Hockey Puck" relays. ]]


Your AC SSR from Phidgets comes with a circular disc with two legs. <Picture>  This is a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) and should be installed across the load (larger) terminals of your SSR <Picture>.  MOVs are the classic surge protector - an inexpensive component that absorbs high voltage spikes.  High voltage spikes are caused by inductive loads when they are turned off, and also happen very often on the electrical grid, as nearby devices are operated.  Even if your load is resistive, use an MOV to protect the SSR.
Your AC SSR from Phidgets comes with a circular disc with two legs (pictured). This is a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) and should be installed across the load (larger) terminals of your SSR.  MOVs are the classic surge protector - an inexpensive component that absorbs high voltage spikes.  High voltage spikes are caused by inductive loads when they are turned off, and also happen very often on the electrical grid, as nearby devices are operated.  Even if your load is resistive, use an MOV to protect the SSR.
 
MOVs have a limited life span - they must be carefully chosen.  If an MOV is chosen for too low of a voltage spike, it will wear out quickly.  If it is chosen for too high of a voltage spike, it will not protect the SSR adequately.  MOVs are not perfect devices - therefore we have chosen SSRs which can survive much higher voltage spikes than what we recommend them for.  For example, this is why the AC SSRs we recommend for 120 VAC operation are rated by the manufacturer for 240 VAC.  If you must operate our AC SSRs are higher voltages than we recommend, do not use the included MOV.
 
As MOVs wear out from use, they will become more sensitive to common voltage spikes, causing them to wear out quicker.  When they entirely fail, they will become a short circuit, potentially creating a fire hazard.  The MOV included with your SSR has a fuse built in which will disable the MOV when it becomes a hazard.  Please consider (and avoid!) nearby flammable material when mounting your SSR.
 
*TMOV20RP200E
*TMOV20RP385E


Matching an MOV to an SSR is not easy - this is why we include an MOV with your SSR.  If an MOV is chosen for too low of a voltage spike, it will wear out quickly.  If it is chosen for too high of a voltage spike, it will not protect the SSR adequately.  To balance SSR protection against MOV lifetime, we have found it necessary to use SSRs built for 240 VAC in 120 VAC applications, and SSRs built for 480 VAC in 240 VAC applications.  If you must operate our AC SSRs on higher voltages than we recommend, do not use the included MOV.


As MOVs wear out from use, they will become more sensitive to common voltage spikes, causing them to wear out quicker.  When they entirely fail, they will become a short circuit, potentially creating a fire hazard.  The MOV included with your SSR has a fuse built in which will disable the MOV when it becomes a hazard. To be on the safe side, avoid mounting your SSR near any flammable material.


For reference, the part number of the MOV shipped with our AC SSRs is '''TMOV20RP200E'''.


===Proportional Control SSR===
===Proportional Control SSR===
Proportional Control Relays (often simply called "Control Relays") are SSRs you can use to control the amount of power to the load.  Rather than reduce the voltage, or somehow limit the current - which would be very expensive solutions, the Proportional SSR reduces power by turning the load on/off quickly, feeding full power in short pulses. 


Proportional Control Relays (often simply called "Control Relays") are SSRs you can use to control the amount of power to the load.  Rather than reduce the voltage, or somehow limit the current - which would be very expensive solutions, the Proportional SSR reduces power by turning the load on/off quickly, feeding full power in short pulses. A similar technology is used for motor control, called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
Proportional SSRs are controlled by a variable voltage - as the control voltage increases, more power is available to the load.  Our PhidgetAnalog product can be used to control Proportional SSRs, since an analog output can output various amounts of voltage, as opposed to a digital output, which only has two states- high and low.  We don't sell Proportional SSRs - but they can be purchased from [http://www.digikey.com Digikey], where they are called AC Linear Controlled SSRs.


Proportional SSRs are controlled by a variable voltage - as the voltage increases, more power is available to the load.  Our PhidgetAnalog product can be used to control Proportional SSRs.  We don't sell Proportional SSRs - but they can be purchased from Digikey, where they are called AC Linear Controlled SSRs.
A quick and dirty solution for dimming with Phidgets is to use an {{LinksNeeded|RC Servo Motor|[[Servo Motor and Controller Guide|RC Servo Motor]]}} with a PhidgetAdvancedServo controller to rotate the knob on a light dimmer.  From software, the RC Servo Motor is rotated to the desired position, cranking the knob as it turns. While this may seem like a roundabout way of achieving proportional control, dimmers tend to be much less expensive because they are less specialized and are manufactured in greater quantity.
 
A quick and dirty (and inexpensive!) solution for dimming with Phidgets is to use an RC Servo Motor with a PhidgetAdvancedServo to rotate the knob on a light dimmer.  From software, the RC Servo Motor is rotated to an absolute position, cranking the knob as it turns. [[Link to Servo Motor Primer]]


===Example circuits with AC SSRs===
===Example circuits with AC SSRs===
[[Image:AC SSR Load.png|right|thumb|link=|400px|Schematic of an AC SSR switching a generic load. A metal oxide varistor is added across the load to protect the SSR.<br />[[Media:AC SSR Load.png|Full-size Image]]]]


[[Image:AC SSR Load.png|right|thumb|300px|Schematic of an AC SSR switching a generic load. A metal oxide varistor is added across the load to protect the SSR.]]
When wiring up an AC circuit, particularly for long term installation, you may find it helpful to buy a book on residential wiring from your local hardware store. There are many wiring conventions (and often legal codes) which will help you plan your project, and the legal codes are often a great source of wisdom.


When wiring up an AC circuit, particularly for long term installation, you may find it helpful to buy a book on residential wiring from your local hardware store.  There are many wiring conventions (and often legal codes) which will help you plan your project, and the legal codes are often a great source of wisdom. 
<br clear="all">
 
*Show diagram of switching 240V 1-ph load, and 240V split phase (like your stove)


==DC SSRs (0 to 50V DC)==
==DC SSRs (0 to 50V DC)==
We sell DC SSRs for that switch a maximum load of 50 volts. If you are unsure what voltages you could be switching in the future, higher voltage DC SSRs can be used to switch lower voltages.  Common engineering practice would be to purchase an SSR rated for 50-100% higher voltage than the voltage you plan to be switching.  For instance, if you are switching 24V, a 50V SSR is reasonable.


===Identify your voltage===
===Choosing your DC SSR===
 
We sell DC SSRs for up to 50 Volts DC Operation.  Look for this on the SSR Product pages under the Maximum Load Voltage specification.  If you are unsure what voltages you could be switching in the future, higher voltage DC SSRs can be used to switch lower voltages.  If your voltage is close - be conservative.  For instance, a 24 Volt system built from 2 Lead Acid batteries can reach 30 volts when charging - so using a 30V SSR would be cutting it close.
 
===Identify your current===
 
The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it runs.  If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call '''Average Load Current'''.  If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage of your device, you can calculate Average Load Current by:
 
Average Load Current = Wattage / Operating Voltage
 
Next, we need to know the current drawn by your device when it is first turned on.  Many devices demand a huge inrush of current, stressing electronics.  If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace kicks in, this is the fan motor starting up.  It's very difficult to measure the '''Surge Current''' itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type.  Surge Current may also be known as inrush current.
 
 
TABLE - surge current multiplier
Incandescent Light Bulbs                    6x
Motors                                      6x
LEDs                                        1x
Complex Electronics i.e., Motor Controllers, Phidgets    6x
 
Multiply your Average Load Current by the multiplier for your device type to calculate the Surge Current.
 
===Picking your DC SSR===
 
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose  
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose  
* Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
* Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
* Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and  
* Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and  
* Maximum Average Current is greater than or equal to your Average current.


Now compare the '''Load with No Heatsink''' value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current.  If your Average Load Current is greater, you need a heat sink.  For picking a heatsink, please go to [[#Picking a heatsink]] Consider other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current with no heatsink. The larger SSRs will be more efficient for the same current.
Now compare the '''Max. Load Current without Heatsink''' value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current.  If your Average Load Current is greater, you may need a heatsink.  For selecting a heatsink, please consult [[#Picking a Heatsink|Picking a Heatsink]]. Alternatively, look at other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current without a heatsink. SSRs rated for a larger load than the load you're using will be more efficient (meaning less energy lost in the form of heat) than an SSR that's being operated at its maximum load.  


At this point, you know the SSR you need.
At this point, you know the SSR you need.
If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our [[#Did you know?|"Did you know?"]] section.


===DC SSR Protection===
===DC SSR Protection===
[[Image:Diode.jpg|thumb|400px|link=| A diode, included with our DC "hockey puck" SSRs. The cathode is marked with a line. The blue symbol shows circuit diagram equivalent of the diode.<br>[[Media:Diode.jpg|Full-Sized Image]]]]
[[Image:relaymotor.jpg|400px|thumb|link=| A DC SSR switching an electric motor. The 1018 Phidget InterfaceKit controls the SSR using its digital outputs. A diode is shown installed across the motor, and a fuse is hooked up between the power supply and the rest of the circuit.<br>[[Media:relaymotor.jpg|Full-Sized Image]]]]


Your AC SSR from Phidgets comes with a diode. <Picture>  This diode should be installed across your load, with the Cathode installed towards the power supply.  <Picture of the diode across a load, with the SSR>
Your DC SSR from Phidgets comes with a diode. This diode should be installed across your load, with the Cathode installed towards the positive terminal of the power supply (as shown in the diagram).   


If the diode is installed backwards, as soon as the SSR is turned on, the load will be shorted out, likely destroying the diode, or the SSR, or your power supply. A fuse protecting your power supply is always a good idea. <Picture of fuse inline close to the power supply>
If the diode is installed backwards, as soon as the SSR is turned on, the load will be shorted out, likely destroying the diode, or the SSR, or your power supply.
A fuse protecting your power supply is always a good idea. You can place the fuse in between the positive terminal of the power supply and the positive terminal of the load side of the SSR.


The diode protects the SSR from powerful residual currents after the SSR is turned off.  These residual currents are used to produce the sparks for spark plugs - they are easily capable of destroying your SSR.  The diode allows these currents to recirculate in the load until they have lost their energy.
The diode protects the SSR from powerful residual currents after the SSR is turned off.  While your load is being driven, inductance builds up magnetic fields around the wiring.
Every load is inductive to some degree, and when the SSR turns off, the magnetic fields will ram current against the now open SSR, easily damaging it.  The diode allows these currents to recirculate in the load until they have lost their energy.  
 
For reference, the part number of the diode that comes with our DC SSRs is '''10A02-T'''.
 
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===Example circuits with DC SSRs===
===Example circuits with DC SSRs===
[[Image:DC SSR Load.png|right|link=|thumb|400px|Schematic of an DC SSR switching a generic load, which is protected by a diode connected in parallel. The circuit is protected by a fuse in series after the power supply.<br />[[Media:DC SSR Load.png|Full-size Image]]]]


[[Image:DC SSR Load.png|right|thumb|300px|Schematic of an DC SSR switching a generic load.]]
The electrical isolation built into a DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch. Since it is isolated, you don't have to worry about grounding or voltage offsets.  


The electrical isolation built into a DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch. Circuits without electrical isolation require a lot more care - proper grounding, voltage offsets.
With a DC SSR, always make sure the positive load terminal (labeled +) is facing towards the positive terminal of the power supply. If the load terminals are reversed, your load will immediately turn on. There is a diode inside of the SSR that allows current to flow freely through it when the SSR is connected incorrectly. This feature is included because this sort of wiring mistake would destroy the transistor in the DC SSR otherwise.


With a DC SSR, always make sure the positive load terminal (labeled +) towards the power supply.  If the load terminals are reversed, your load will immediately turn on - there is a diode inside of the SSR.
The DC SSR can be installed on either side of the load, and it will work properly, but there is an advantage to installing the SSR between the power supply and the load.  If the load is connected to the power supply, it will always have a potentially dangerous voltage on it, even when it is not operating.


The DC SSR can be installed on either side of the load, and it will work properly, but there is an advantage to installing the SSR between the power supply and the load.  If the load is connected to the power supply, it will always have a potentially dangerous voltage on it, even when it is not operating.


Diagram of a power supply -> fuse -> SSR -> load -> power supply ground.
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==AC/DC SSRs (0 to 40V DC / 0 to 28V AC)==
==AC/DC SSRs (0 to 40V DC / 0 to 28V AC)==
[[Image:AC_DC_SSR.png|thumb|link=|A small, versatile AC/DC SSR mounted on a Phidgets board for easy pin access.]]


Our AC/DC SSRs are built on a small PCB, making them physically smaller than the hockey puck SSRs, and less expensive.  They are limited to lower currents, and cannot be mounted on a heatsink.  <Put in a picture of the 3052 SSR, with an arrow showing the SSR chip on the board>
Our AC/DC SSRs are built on a small PCB, making them physically smaller than the large "hockey puck" SSRs, and less expensive.  They are limited to lower currents, and cannot be mounted on a heatsink.   


===Identify your voltage===
We sell AC/DC SSRs that can switch up to 40 Volts DC or 28 Volts AC.  This is indicated on the SSR Product pages under the Maximum Load Voltage specification.  There is no lower limit on the voltages that the AC/DC SSRs can switch.  If your voltage is close - be conservative.  For instance, a 36 Volt system built from 3 Lead Acid batteries can reach 45 volts when charging.
 
We sell AC/DC SSRs that can switch up to 40 Volts DC or 28 Volts AC.  Look for this on the SSR Product pages under the Maximum Load Voltage specification.  There is no lower limit on the voltages that the AC/DC SSRs can switch.  If your voltage is close - be conservative.  For instance, a 36 Volt system built from 3 Lead Acid batteries can reach 45 volts when charging.
 
===Identify your current===
 
The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it runs.  If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call '''Average Load Current'''.  If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage of your device, you can calculate Average Load Current by:
 
Average Load Current = Wattage / Operating Voltage
 
Next, we need to know the current drawn by your device when it is first turned on.  Many devices demand a huge inrush of current, stressing electronics.  If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace kicks in, this is the fan motor starting up.  It's very difficult to measure the '''Surge Current''' itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type.  Surge Current may also be known as inrush current.
 
 
TABLE - surge current multiplier
Incandescent Light Bulbs                    6x
Motors                                      6x
LEDs                                        1x
Complex Electronics i.e., Motor Controllers, Phidgets    6x
 
Multiply your Average Load Current by the multiplier for your device type to calculate the Surge Current.


===Picking your AC/DC SSR===
===Picking your AC/DC SSR===
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose  
Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose  
* Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
* Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,  
Line 233: Line 255:
If you are interested in minimum cost, you will likely choose the cheapest option that meets these criteria.  If you are interested in high efficiency operation and less heat generation, consider buying an SSR with higher current rating.
If you are interested in minimum cost, you will likely choose the cheapest option that meets these criteria.  If you are interested in high efficiency operation and less heat generation, consider buying an SSR with higher current rating.


Your AC/DC SSR from Phidgets has built in protection from static electricity, and dangerous residual currents  after the SSR is turned off.  If you are switching DC, installing a diode across the load will offer even more protection.  Refer to the [[#DC SSR Protection]] section for more information.
Your AC/DC SSR from Phidgets has built in protection from static electricity, and dangerous residual currents  after the SSR is turned off.  If the load you are switching is powered by a DC source, installing a diode across the load will offer even more protection.  Refer to the [[#DC SSR Protection|DC SSR Protection]] section for more information.
 
To learn more about SSRs in general, visit the [[#Did you know?|"Did you know?"]] section.


If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our [[#Did you know?]] section.
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===Example circuits with AC/DC SSRs===
===Example circuits with AC/DC SSRs===
 
[[Image:Versatile SSR DC Load.png|thumb|link=|A versatile AC/DC SSR switching a DC load. The load terminals are bidirectional, so it doesn't matter which way you hook them up. The optional diode can be added to help protect the SSR when switching DC loads.<br />[[Media:Versatile SSR DC Load.png|Full-size Image]]]]
<Schematic of an AC/DC SSR switching a DC Load. Point out that the AC/DC ssr output terminals are bidirectional - it doesn't matter which way you hook them up. Show the optional diode, make sure it's clear that it's optional>
[[Image:Versatile SSR AC Load.png|thumb|link=|A versatile AC/DC SSR switching an AC load.<br />[[Media:Versatile SSR AC Load.png|Full-size Image]]]]
 
<Schematic of an AC/DC SSR switching an AC Load>


The electrical isolation built into a AC/DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch.  Circuits without electrical isolation require a lot more care - proper grounding, careful consideration of voltage offsets.
The electrical isolation built into a AC/DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch.  Circuits without electrical isolation require a lot more care - proper grounding, careful consideration of voltage offsets.


 
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==Using heatsinks with Hockey Puck SSRs==
==Using heatsinks with Hockey Puck SSRs==
[[Image:3950_0 Accessories Web.jpg|thumb|link=|A "hockey puck" SSR with plastic cover (left), a thermal pad (right). All hockey puck SSRs sold at Phidgets come with both of these accessories plus a diode or varistor to protect the SSR.]]
[[Image:3955_0 Functional Web.jpg|thumb|link=|A "hockey puck" SSR mounted on a small heatsink by two screws. The thermal pad is pressed between the SSR and the heatsink.]]


SSRs will only achieve their promise of reliability and long life if they are kept cool.  Cool is relative, of course, but a good rule of thumb is to keep the metal base of the SSR at less than 85 Celsius.
SSRs will only achieve their promise of reliability and long life if they are kept cool.  Cool is relative, of course, but a good rule of thumb is to keep the metal base of the SSR at less than 85°C (185°F).  A [[Thermocouple Guide|thermocouple]] can be used to precisely measure the temperature of the metal base.


Excess heat usually comes from too much current and too little heatsinking.  A lot of heat can also be generated by turning the relay on and off frequently.  If your relay is being operated for brief periods of time, you may not need as large of a heatsink - provided the relay is never accidentally left on for extended periods.  Unless space is a concern, it's better to err on the side of caution.
Excess heat usually comes from too much current and too little heatsinking.  A lot of heat can also be generated by frequently turning the relay on and off.  If your relay is operated for brief periods of time, you may not need as large of a heatsink - provided the relay is never accidentally left on for extended periods.  Unless space is a concern, it's better to err on the side of caution.


Do you actually need a heatsink? If your application is running at room temperature, and your average current is less than the '''Load with no Heatsink''' specification of your SSR, then no, you don't need a heatsink.   
Before buying a heatsink, consider if you actually need it. If your application is running at room temperature, and your average current is less than the '''Max. Load Current without Heatsink''' specification of your SSR, then you don't need a heatsink.  Alternatively, if your project has a large metal chassis that the SSR can bolt to, this can be used as your heatsink.


* Based on your knowledge of your application, do you need a heat sink?
Each SSR suitable for use with heatsinks will include a specification of how much current it can switch with each heatsink we sell.  This specification assumes a reasonable airflow over the heatsink, and that the flowing air is at room temperature.  Our SSRs have a sheet of metal underneath, where the heat is concentrated - this is also where the heat is measured to tell if the SSR is too hot.  Phidgets includes a thermal pad with our Hockey Puck SSRs (see pictured). You place this pad under an SSR when mounting it on a heatsink, or on large metal surfaces that can dissipate heat.  The pad performs the same function as thermal grease - it helps conduct heat between the base of the SSR and the heatsink. If you prefer to use thermal grease, you can use it instead of the pad.  Our heatsinks include screws for mounting SSRs. Use a good size screwdriver when tightening the SSR down on the heatsink to ensure good conduction.


*Check your SSR's data sheet to get an idea of the amount of heat it will be generating based on your application's load.  
You can see our selection of heatsinks in the [http://www.phidgets.com/products.php?category=9 relays] category of our store.
*If the SSR cannot be mounted on a surface that is suitable for conducting away the heat, you should use a heatsink.  
*How to tell if SSR is "too hot"?
*causes of excess heat- too much current or too little heatsinking


During the discussion of the generation of heat, we can introduce the hockey puck physical form factor, and how that is relevant to heat sinks.
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Phidgets includes a grey pad with our Hockey Puck form factor SSRs.  You place this pad under an SSR when mounting it on a heatsink, or on large metal surfaces that can dissipate heat.  The pad takes the place of thermal grease - if you are more comfortable with thermal grease, you can use it instead. 
 
Our heat sinks include screws for mounting SSRs.  <Show picture of heat sink + thermal pad + SSR>, and another picture assembled.>  Use a good size screwdriver when tightening the SSR down on the heat sink.


==Hooking up wires to the Hockey Puck SSR==
==Hooking up wires to the Hockey Puck SSR==
[[Image:relay_mov.jpg|thumb|link=|An AC SSR with the wires attached normally and an MOV installed across the load side.]]
[[Image:lugs.jpg|thumb|link=|TRM6 wiring lugs connected to a DC SSR.]]


< Need picture of wires clamped onto the SSR, with the MOV on top >
When wiring your load to the SSR, the wire is looped clockwise around the terminal, so when the screw is tightened down, it will draw the wire in tighter.  We recommend using wires up to 10 AWG in size - any larger, and the screws will not have enough thread left to tighten down, and they will strip.  Larger wires can be attached using a wiring lug.  The lug is clamped under the SSR screw, and the wire attaches to the lug.


When wiring your load to the SSR, the wire is looped clockwise around the terminal, so as the screw is tightened down, it will draw the wire in tighter.  We recommend using wires up to 10 AWG in size - any larger, and the screws will not have enough thread left to tighten down, and they will strip.  10 AWG wiring is conservatively rated at 30 Amps, '''TBD''' posing a problem to use SSRs rated higher than 30 AMPS. Larger wires can be attached using a wiring lug.  The lug is clamped under the SSR screw, and the wire attaches to the lug. <picture of TRM6 on SSR with big wire attached> 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Terminal Block Width (mm/port)'''
Loose wire connections can generate a lot of heat - use a good size screwdriver when clamping down the load wires.
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Recommended Wire Gauge (AWG)'''
|-
|3.81
| 16 to 26
|-
| 5.0
| 12 to 24
|-
| 9.5
| 10 to 26
|-
|}


For the current ratings of various wires sizes, please see [[Page on Wire Sizes]]
Loose wire connections can generate a lot of heat - use a large enough screwdriver when clamping down the load wires to ensure that the screws are on tight enough.


===Did you know?===
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Mains Voltage '''AC SSRs''' cannot switch DC. They will never turn off.  AC SSRs turn off twice per AC Cycle - in North America, AC is 60 Hz, so the AC SSR has 120 opportunities per second to turn off.  If the SSR is operating from DC, the current will flow continuously, and the SSR will not turn off, even when the control input is off.
==Did you know?==
* Mains Voltage '''AC SSRs''' cannot switch DC. They will never turn the load off.  AC SSRs turn off twice per AC Cycle, when the current changes direction and is momentarily zero. For example, AC is 60 Hz in North America, so the AC SSR has 120 opportunities per second to turn off (the SSR will only '''stay''' off if the control signal is low).  If the SSR is operating from DC, the current will flow continuously, and the load will not turn off, even when the control input is off.


An '''AC SSR''' turns off automatically every time the current is zero. An AC SSR will have a current value that it regards as 'zero'. If your load requires less than this current, your SSR will never turn on - or will not reliably turn on.
* An '''AC SSR''' turns off automatically every time the load current reaches zero. It will turn back on almost immediately as long as the signal controlling the SSR is high. An AC SSR will actually have a low, non-zero current value that it regards as 'zero'. This specification is usually called "Minimum Load Current" in the data sheet. If your load requires less than this minimum current, your SSR will never turn on, or will not reliably turn on. The simplest solution to this problem is to connect another load in parallel with the first, increasing the Current required by the load.


Very fast voltage changes can disturb the internal circuitry on an '''AC SSR''' enough to turn it on accidentally.  SSR Manufacturers protect against this by adding a simple circuit inside the SSR, across the load terminals, called a snubber.  The snubber absorbs very fast electrical changes, converting them to heat. When the AC SSR is turned on, there is little voltage difference between the terminals, so the snubber has very little effect.  When the AC SSR is turned off, the snubber is actively protecting the SSR - but at a cost, as it allows a small current through the SSR, which is wasted.   
* SSR Manufacturers have started adding a simple circuit inside '''AC SSRs''', across the load terminals, called a snubber.  The snubber absorbs very fast electrical changes that could normally cause an '''AC SSR''' to turn on accidentally. When the AC SSR is turned on, there is little voltage difference between the terminals, so the snubber has very little effect.  When the AC SSR is turned off, the snubber is actively protecting the SSR - but at a cost, as it allows a small current through the SSR, which is wasted.   


An '''AC SSR''' uses bipolar transistors - an old technology that has been replaced by CMOS transistors in modern digital circuits.  Bipolar transistors are still superior for handling high voltages.  Bipolar transistors, and the more complex transistors built from them, will lose a constant voltage as current flows through them.  The collection of transistors in your SSR will lose about 1.7 volts - so on a 120 VAC system, you will lose about 1.5% to the SSR.  This energy goes into heating the SSR, and the heating from these transistors is the reason SSRs often need heat sinks.
* An '''AC SSR''' uses bipolar transistors - an old technology that has been replaced by CMOS transistors in modern digital circuits.  Bipolar transistors are still superior for handling high voltages.  Bipolar transistors, and the more complex transistors built from them, will lose a constant voltage as current flows through them.  The collection of transistors in your SSR will lose about 1.7 volts - so on a 120 VAC system, you will lose about 1.5% to the SSR.  This energy converts to heat inside the SSR, and the heating from these transistors is the reason SSRs often need heatsinks.


SSRs, and semiconductors in general, usually fail as a short circuit.  This means your load will probably turn on permanently (or until you remove the power) - make sure this doesn't cause a safety hazard.  For instance, Sauna Heaters have a simple mechanical thermal shutdown to protect if control electronics fails.
* SSRs, and semiconductors in general, usually fail as a short circuit. A short circuit is a circuit whose internals have been damaged such that current can flow through it freely.  This means your load will probably turn on permanently (until you disconnect the power source) - make sure this doesn't cause a safety hazard.  For instance, Sauna Heaters have a simple thermally-triggered mechanical shutdown to protect them if control electronics fails.


'''DC SSRs''' (at least the units we sell) use MOSFETs - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors. Say that three times fast.  MOSFETs do not lose a constant voltage - instead, when they turn on, they act as a very slight restriction to the flow of current - a resistor.  At low currents, the slight restriction wastes very little power, giving high efficiency and often not requiring a heat sink.  This efficiency is lost as the current increases - a doubling of current quadruples the production of heat.   
* '''DC SSRs''' (at least the units we sell) use Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). MOSFETs do not lose a constant voltage - instead, when they turn on, they act as a very slight restriction to the flow of current - a resistor.  At low currents, the slight restriction wastes very little power, giving high efficiency and often not requiring a heatsink.  This efficiency is lost as the current increases - a doubling of current quadruples the production of heat.   


MOSFETs can switch AC, but a single MOSFET has a diode in parallel with it.  The MOSFET can only block current in one direction - as soon as the voltage reverses, the current flows through the diode.  If a MOSFET is used to switch AC, your load will be turned on half the time.  A solution is to use two MOSFETs back to back - which is what we do with our '''AC/DC SSRs'''.
* Normally, a MOSFET can only block current in one direction - as soon as the voltage reverses, the current flows through a diode run in parallel to the MOSFET.  If a MOSFET were used to switch AC, the load would be turned on half the time.  A common solution is to use two MOSFETs back to back - which is what we do with our '''AC/DC SSRs'''.

Latest revision as of 21:58, 18 November 2024


Introduction

A "hockey puck" SSR, so named because of its thick shape and black color. They are specifically designed to switch either AC loads or DC loads, but never both.

Solid state relays (SSRs) turn on or off the power being supplied to other devices, in a similar fashion as a physical switch. However, instead of being switched by human interaction like a physical switch, SSRs are switched electronically. With SSRs, you can control high-current devices such as lights or appliances with low-current signals, like a standard DC signal from a digital output. Many SSRs will switch on with a voltage of 3V or higher. This makes them perfect for use with the Outputs on Phidget InterfaceKits, or any other device with a digital output, such as the OUT1100 - Digital Output Phidget. Using the ports of a VINT Hub in digital output mode may not work, since they may not provide enough power to activate the SSR. If your digital output is not powerful enough, you may want to connect an external MOSFET to switch a more suitable supply to control the SSR.

SSRs perform the same job as Mechanical Relays, but have the following advantages:

  • SSRs produce less electromagnetic interference than mechanical relays during operation. This is mostly due to the absence of a phenomenon called contact arcing only present in mechanical relays, where the physical contacts of the relay tend to spark internally while switching. The reduced interference can also be attributed to the fact that SSRs do not use electromagnets to switch.
  • The switch contacts of a mechanical relay will eventually wear down from arcing. An SSR will have a longer life because its internals are purely digital. Properly used, they will last for millions of cycles.
  • SSRs turn on and off faster than mechanical relays (≈1ms compared to ≈10ms).
  • SSRs are less susceptible to physical vibrations than mechanical relays.
  • Since the switch inside an SSR isn't a mechanical switch, it does not suffer from contact bounce and operates silently.

However, compared to Mechanical Relays, SSRs:

  • Are more expensive.
  • Will dissipate more energy in the form of heat (1-2% of the energy intended to power the load).

How SSRs Work

A conceptual diagram of the insides of an SSR.

The control inputs are connected internally to an LED, which shines across an air gap to light sensors. The light sensor is connected to the transistors which open or close, supplying the relay's load with power. When a transistor is closed, current can flow freely through the relay, causing the load and power supply to be connected. When a transistor is open, almost all current is blocked, causing the load to become disconnected from the power supply. The pairing of an LED with light sensors is called an optocoupler, and is a common technique to link two parts of a circuit without a direct electrical connection.

Basic Use

Controlling an SSR is no more complicated than turning an LED on and off. Switch it on, switch it off, it's that easy.

The ability of an SSR to switch a load is very similar to a mechanical relay or simple switch. By turning the digital output controlling the relay on and off, you control whether or not the load is connected to its power supply.

The challenge is to pick an appropriate type of SSR for your application. There is no single SSR perfect for all applications. To choose an SSR for your particular application, please follow the Choosing an SSR section.

Safety

Two circuit diagrams showing the improper and proper ways of switching mains electricity with a relay.

Since relays switch high currents and voltages, standard electricity safety precautions apply. Make sure you never touch the terminals while the relay is powered. If your SSR came with a plastic cover, use it. Even when the SSR is switched off, a very small amount of current will flow.

When placing a relay in a circuit, it is always a good idea to put it between the power supply and the load, especially when using higher voltages. If the relay is instead placed between the load and ground, the circuit will still work the same, but when the relay is open, the load will still be directly connected to the power supply. This could cause safety concerns because someone might touch the terminals on the load, thinking it's safe because the device appears to be off. If the electricity finds a path to ground through their body, they will be electrocuted. If the relay is placed between the power supply and the ground, electrocution would only be a risk if the live terminal on the relay is touched. Again, the relay terminals should always be properly covered to avoid the risk of electrocution.

When an SSR fails, it most often fails permanently closed. This is because when the transistor inside fails due to excessive current or heat, it will usually short out, allowing current to pass through unimpeded. This means that as long as the power supply remains on, the load will be powered, possibly creating a fire or safety hazard.


Choosing an SSR

Identify your voltage

First, determine whether you need to switch AC or DC voltage. The electrical grid, and thus your wall outlet, runs AC, whereas batteries and most small power supplies are DC.

Next, determine the maximum number of volts you will be switching. If you are switching DC, particularly with batteries, assume your voltage is at least 25% more than what your battery is rated for. Even larger fluctuations occur on AC, but AC SSRs are designed to handle these surges. Typical AC voltage from a wall socket in North America is 110VAC, whereas in Europe it is usually 220VAC. If you are switching AC voltage from a wall socket, check which standard your country uses, and use that number as your voltage.

Identify your current

The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it is in use. If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call Average Load Current. If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage (power rating) of your load, you can calculate Average Load Current by:

Next, you need to know the current drawn by your load when it is first turned on. Many loads demand a huge inrush of current when the load is first turned on. This places a significant amount of stress on the electronics inside the SSR. If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace starts up, this is caused by the fan motor starting up. In the same way that it takes a lot of force to move a heavy object from rest, it initially takes a lot of current to power up a fan or incandescent bulb. It's very difficult to measure the Surge Current itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type. Surge Current is also referred to as inrush current.

Application Multiplier
Incandescent Light Bulbs 6x
Motors 6x
LEDs 1x
Complex Electronics i.e., Motor Controllers, Phidgets 6x
Fluorescent Light Fixtures (AC Only) 10x
Transformers 20x
Heaters 1x


Multiply your Average Load Current by the multiplier for your device type to calculate the Surge Current.

I need to switch AC

Most AC applications will be switching 110 to 240 Volt power coming from the grid. If that's you, go to the Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC) section.

We also cover low voltage AC applications - 28 VAC (Volts AC) or less. For more information, visit the AC/DC SSRs section.

I need to switch DC

If you only need to switch a small amount of current - 9 Amps or less, consider our compact, cost effective AC/DC SSRs.

If you need to switch more than 9 Amps, you need a serious DC SSR.

If you need to switch up to 4 small loads of 8 Amps or less, you can use the open collector (externally powered) digital outputs on a REL1100 - 4x Isolated SSR Phidget, which can be wired to behave similarly to relays. If you need even more relays, have a look at the REL1101 - 16x Isolated SSR Phidget.

I need Gradual Dimming

Instead of simply turning the load on/off, if you want to dim it gradually, you can use a proportional control SSR. They are able to reduce the average power to the load gradually, in proportion to the strength of the input signal. For more information, you can visit the Proportional Control SSR Section.

Mains Voltage (110 to 240V AC)

We sell AC SSRs for 120 VAC or 240 VAC operation. If you are unsure what voltages you could eventually need to switch, the 240 VAC relays can be used to switch 120 VAC with no problems. Please note we are very conservative in how we rate SSRs - our 120 VAC relays are rated by the manufacturer for 240 VAC, and the 240 VAC for 480 VAC. We strongly recommend against using them to the manufacturer rated voltage. To understand why, read the AC SSR Protection section.

Load Type - Inductive vs. Resistive

This graph shows the difference between zero-cross and random turn-on. The blue line represents the oscillating voltage of an AC load, and the shaded areas represent the sections when the relay is turned on and letting current pass through. As you can see, the random turn-on SSR immediately opens when activated, while the zero-cross turn-on SSR waits until the voltage crosses zero before opening.
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If your load is inductive, you need to choose a Random Turn On relay. If your load is resistive, choose a Zero Crossing relay.

Your Load will probably be inductive if it is built around a large coil of wire - motors and transformers are typical examples. A load considered resistive may also have loops of wire - for instance, hair dryers, toasters, incandescent bulbs use twisted wire elements to generate the heat. An inductive load will have thousands of loops of wire - it's a matter of scale. There is no such thing as a perfectly resistive load - but a load has to be very inductive to cause the zero crossing SSRs to malfunction.

SSRs are designed to either turn on immediately (Random Turn On), or wait until the next 'alternation' of the voltage (Zero Crossing). Zero Crossing SSRs create less electromagnetic 'noise' when they turn on. They are best used with resistive loads - Zero Crossing SSRs are not able to turn off some inductive loads. It's very difficult to determine which inductive loads will create problems - well beyond the scope of this document. If your load is inductive, we recommend buying the Random Turn On SSRs.

Application Load Type
Incandescent Light Bulbs Resistive
Fluorescent Light Fixtures Inductive or Resistive *
Motors Inductive
Transformers Inductive
Heaters Resistive
Computer / Electronics Resistive
AC/DC power supplies (brick heavy type) Inductive
AC/DC Power supplies (lightweight switchers) Resistive

* For fluorescent light fixtures, older units (magnetic ballast) may be inductive, and newer units are often resistive (electronic ballast).

Choosing your AC SSR

Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, and your load type (inductive or resistive), you can create a short list of relays whose

  • Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,
  • Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and
  • Load type matches what you chose for random turn on/zero crossing.

Now compare the Maximum Load Current without Heatsink value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current. If your Average Load Current is greater, you may need a heatsink. For selecting a heatsink, please consult Picking a Heatsink. Alternatively, look at other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current with no heatsink

At this point, you know the SSR you need.

Instead of simply turning the load on/off, if you want to dim it gradually, you can use a proportional control SSR. They are able to reduce the average power to the load gradually, in proportion to the strength of the input signal. For more information, you can visit the Proportional Control SSR Section.

If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our "Did you know?" section.

AC SSR Protection

An MOV, which comes packaged with our AC "Hockey Puck" relays.

Your AC SSR from Phidgets comes with a circular disc with two legs (pictured). This is a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) and should be installed across the load (larger) terminals of your SSR. MOVs are the classic surge protector - an inexpensive component that absorbs high voltage spikes. High voltage spikes are caused by inductive loads when they are turned off, and also happen very often on the electrical grid, as nearby devices are operated. Even if your load is resistive, use an MOV to protect the SSR.

Matching an MOV to an SSR is not easy - this is why we include an MOV with your SSR. If an MOV is chosen for too low of a voltage spike, it will wear out quickly. If it is chosen for too high of a voltage spike, it will not protect the SSR adequately. To balance SSR protection against MOV lifetime, we have found it necessary to use SSRs built for 240 VAC in 120 VAC applications, and SSRs built for 480 VAC in 240 VAC applications. If you must operate our AC SSRs on higher voltages than we recommend, do not use the included MOV.

As MOVs wear out from use, they will become more sensitive to common voltage spikes, causing them to wear out quicker. When they entirely fail, they will become a short circuit, potentially creating a fire hazard. The MOV included with your SSR has a fuse built in which will disable the MOV when it becomes a hazard. To be on the safe side, avoid mounting your SSR near any flammable material.

For reference, the part number of the MOV shipped with our AC SSRs is TMOV20RP200E.

Proportional Control SSR

Proportional Control Relays (often simply called "Control Relays") are SSRs you can use to control the amount of power to the load. Rather than reduce the voltage, or somehow limit the current - which would be very expensive solutions, the Proportional SSR reduces power by turning the load on/off quickly, feeding full power in short pulses.

Proportional SSRs are controlled by a variable voltage - as the control voltage increases, more power is available to the load. Our PhidgetAnalog product can be used to control Proportional SSRs, since an analog output can output various amounts of voltage, as opposed to a digital output, which only has two states- high and low. We don't sell Proportional SSRs - but they can be purchased from Digikey, where they are called AC Linear Controlled SSRs.

A quick and dirty solution for dimming with Phidgets is to use an RC Servo Motor with a PhidgetAdvancedServo controller to rotate the knob on a light dimmer. From software, the RC Servo Motor is rotated to the desired position, cranking the knob as it turns. While this may seem like a roundabout way of achieving proportional control, dimmers tend to be much less expensive because they are less specialized and are manufactured in greater quantity.

Example circuits with AC SSRs

Schematic of an AC SSR switching a generic load. A metal oxide varistor is added across the load to protect the SSR.
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When wiring up an AC circuit, particularly for long term installation, you may find it helpful to buy a book on residential wiring from your local hardware store. There are many wiring conventions (and often legal codes) which will help you plan your project, and the legal codes are often a great source of wisdom.


DC SSRs (0 to 50V DC)

We sell DC SSRs for that switch a maximum load of 50 volts. If you are unsure what voltages you could be switching in the future, higher voltage DC SSRs can be used to switch lower voltages. Common engineering practice would be to purchase an SSR rated for 50-100% higher voltage than the voltage you plan to be switching. For instance, if you are switching 24V, a 50V SSR is reasonable.

Choosing your DC SSR

Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose

  • Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,
  • Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and
  • Maximum Average Current is greater than or equal to your Average current.

Now compare the Max. Load Current without Heatsink value for the SSRs on your list to your Average Load Current. If your Average Load Current is greater, you may need a heatsink. For selecting a heatsink, please consult Picking a Heatsink. Alternatively, look at other SSRs on your list - there may be an SSR that can handle your average load current without a heatsink. SSRs rated for a larger load than the load you're using will be more efficient (meaning less energy lost in the form of heat) than an SSR that's being operated at its maximum load.

At this point, you know the SSR you need.

If you are interested in learning more about SSRs in general, check out our "Did you know?" section.

DC SSR Protection

A diode, included with our DC "hockey puck" SSRs. The cathode is marked with a line. The blue symbol shows circuit diagram equivalent of the diode.
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A DC SSR switching an electric motor. The 1018 Phidget InterfaceKit controls the SSR using its digital outputs. A diode is shown installed across the motor, and a fuse is hooked up between the power supply and the rest of the circuit.
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Your DC SSR from Phidgets comes with a diode. This diode should be installed across your load, with the Cathode installed towards the positive terminal of the power supply (as shown in the diagram).

If the diode is installed backwards, as soon as the SSR is turned on, the load will be shorted out, likely destroying the diode, or the SSR, or your power supply. A fuse protecting your power supply is always a good idea. You can place the fuse in between the positive terminal of the power supply and the positive terminal of the load side of the SSR.

The diode protects the SSR from powerful residual currents after the SSR is turned off. While your load is being driven, inductance builds up magnetic fields around the wiring. Every load is inductive to some degree, and when the SSR turns off, the magnetic fields will ram current against the now open SSR, easily damaging it. The diode allows these currents to recirculate in the load until they have lost their energy.

For reference, the part number of the diode that comes with our DC SSRs is 10A02-T.


Example circuits with DC SSRs

Schematic of an DC SSR switching a generic load, which is protected by a diode connected in parallel. The circuit is protected by a fuse in series after the power supply.
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The electrical isolation built into a DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch. Since it is isolated, you don't have to worry about grounding or voltage offsets.

With a DC SSR, always make sure the positive load terminal (labeled +) is facing towards the positive terminal of the power supply. If the load terminals are reversed, your load will immediately turn on. There is a diode inside of the SSR that allows current to flow freely through it when the SSR is connected incorrectly. This feature is included because this sort of wiring mistake would destroy the transistor in the DC SSR otherwise.

The DC SSR can be installed on either side of the load, and it will work properly, but there is an advantage to installing the SSR between the power supply and the load. If the load is connected to the power supply, it will always have a potentially dangerous voltage on it, even when it is not operating.



AC/DC SSRs (0 to 40V DC / 0 to 28V AC)

A small, versatile AC/DC SSR mounted on a Phidgets board for easy pin access.

Our AC/DC SSRs are built on a small PCB, making them physically smaller than the large "hockey puck" SSRs, and less expensive. They are limited to lower currents, and cannot be mounted on a heatsink.

We sell AC/DC SSRs that can switch up to 40 Volts DC or 28 Volts AC. This is indicated on the SSR Product pages under the Maximum Load Voltage specification. There is no lower limit on the voltages that the AC/DC SSRs can switch. If your voltage is close - be conservative. For instance, a 36 Volt system built from 3 Lead Acid batteries can reach 45 volts when charging.

Picking your AC/DC SSR

Now that you have identified your Operating Voltage, Average and Surge Current, you can create a short list of relays whose

  • Maximum Load Voltage are greater than or equal to your operating voltage,
  • Maximum Surge Current are greater than or equal to your surge current, and
  • Maximum Average Current is greater than or equal to your Average current.

If you are interested in minimum cost, you will likely choose the cheapest option that meets these criteria. If you are interested in high efficiency operation and less heat generation, consider buying an SSR with higher current rating.

Your AC/DC SSR from Phidgets has built in protection from static electricity, and dangerous residual currents after the SSR is turned off. If the load you are switching is powered by a DC source, installing a diode across the load will offer even more protection. Refer to the DC SSR Protection section for more information.

To learn more about SSRs in general, visit the "Did you know?" section.


Example circuits with AC/DC SSRs

A versatile AC/DC SSR switching a DC load. The load terminals are bidirectional, so it doesn't matter which way you hook them up. The optional diode can be added to help protect the SSR when switching DC loads.
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A versatile AC/DC SSR switching an AC load.
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The electrical isolation built into a AC/DC SSR allows them to be placed within a circuit just like a switch. Circuits without electrical isolation require a lot more care - proper grounding, careful consideration of voltage offsets.


Using heatsinks with Hockey Puck SSRs

A "hockey puck" SSR with plastic cover (left), a thermal pad (right). All hockey puck SSRs sold at Phidgets come with both of these accessories plus a diode or varistor to protect the SSR.
A "hockey puck" SSR mounted on a small heatsink by two screws. The thermal pad is pressed between the SSR and the heatsink.

SSRs will only achieve their promise of reliability and long life if they are kept cool. Cool is relative, of course, but a good rule of thumb is to keep the metal base of the SSR at less than 85°C (185°F). A thermocouple can be used to precisely measure the temperature of the metal base.

Excess heat usually comes from too much current and too little heatsinking. A lot of heat can also be generated by frequently turning the relay on and off. If your relay is operated for brief periods of time, you may not need as large of a heatsink - provided the relay is never accidentally left on for extended periods. Unless space is a concern, it's better to err on the side of caution.

Before buying a heatsink, consider if you actually need it. If your application is running at room temperature, and your average current is less than the Max. Load Current without Heatsink specification of your SSR, then you don't need a heatsink. Alternatively, if your project has a large metal chassis that the SSR can bolt to, this can be used as your heatsink.

Each SSR suitable for use with heatsinks will include a specification of how much current it can switch with each heatsink we sell. This specification assumes a reasonable airflow over the heatsink, and that the flowing air is at room temperature. Our SSRs have a sheet of metal underneath, where the heat is concentrated - this is also where the heat is measured to tell if the SSR is too hot. Phidgets includes a thermal pad with our Hockey Puck SSRs (see pictured). You place this pad under an SSR when mounting it on a heatsink, or on large metal surfaces that can dissipate heat. The pad performs the same function as thermal grease - it helps conduct heat between the base of the SSR and the heatsink. If you prefer to use thermal grease, you can use it instead of the pad. Our heatsinks include screws for mounting SSRs. Use a good size screwdriver when tightening the SSR down on the heatsink to ensure good conduction.

You can see our selection of heatsinks in the relays category of our store.


Hooking up wires to the Hockey Puck SSR

An AC SSR with the wires attached normally and an MOV installed across the load side.
TRM6 wiring lugs connected to a DC SSR.

When wiring your load to the SSR, the wire is looped clockwise around the terminal, so when the screw is tightened down, it will draw the wire in tighter. We recommend using wires up to 10 AWG in size - any larger, and the screws will not have enough thread left to tighten down, and they will strip. Larger wires can be attached using a wiring lug. The lug is clamped under the SSR screw, and the wire attaches to the lug.

Terminal Block Width (mm/port) Recommended Wire Gauge (AWG)
3.81 16 to 26
5.0 12 to 24
9.5 10 to 26

Loose wire connections can generate a lot of heat - use a large enough screwdriver when clamping down the load wires to ensure that the screws are on tight enough.


Did you know?

  • Mains Voltage AC SSRs cannot switch DC. They will never turn the load off. AC SSRs turn off twice per AC Cycle, when the current changes direction and is momentarily zero. For example, AC is 60 Hz in North America, so the AC SSR has 120 opportunities per second to turn off (the SSR will only stay off if the control signal is low). If the SSR is operating from DC, the current will flow continuously, and the load will not turn off, even when the control input is off.
  • An AC SSR turns off automatically every time the load current reaches zero. It will turn back on almost immediately as long as the signal controlling the SSR is high. An AC SSR will actually have a low, non-zero current value that it regards as 'zero'. This specification is usually called "Minimum Load Current" in the data sheet. If your load requires less than this minimum current, your SSR will never turn on, or will not reliably turn on. The simplest solution to this problem is to connect another load in parallel with the first, increasing the Current required by the load.
  • SSR Manufacturers have started adding a simple circuit inside AC SSRs, across the load terminals, called a snubber. The snubber absorbs very fast electrical changes that could normally cause an AC SSR to turn on accidentally. When the AC SSR is turned on, there is little voltage difference between the terminals, so the snubber has very little effect. When the AC SSR is turned off, the snubber is actively protecting the SSR - but at a cost, as it allows a small current through the SSR, which is wasted.
  • An AC SSR uses bipolar transistors - an old technology that has been replaced by CMOS transistors in modern digital circuits. Bipolar transistors are still superior for handling high voltages. Bipolar transistors, and the more complex transistors built from them, will lose a constant voltage as current flows through them. The collection of transistors in your SSR will lose about 1.7 volts - so on a 120 VAC system, you will lose about 1.5% to the SSR. This energy converts to heat inside the SSR, and the heating from these transistors is the reason SSRs often need heatsinks.
  • SSRs, and semiconductors in general, usually fail as a short circuit. A short circuit is a circuit whose internals have been damaged such that current can flow through it freely. This means your load will probably turn on permanently (until you disconnect the power source) - make sure this doesn't cause a safety hazard. For instance, Sauna Heaters have a simple thermally-triggered mechanical shutdown to protect them if control electronics fails.
  • DC SSRs (at least the units we sell) use Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). MOSFETs do not lose a constant voltage - instead, when they turn on, they act as a very slight restriction to the flow of current - a resistor. At low currents, the slight restriction wastes very little power, giving high efficiency and often not requiring a heatsink. This efficiency is lost as the current increases - a doubling of current quadruples the production of heat.
  • Normally, a MOSFET can only block current in one direction - as soon as the voltage reverses, the current flows through a diode run in parallel to the MOSFET. If a MOSFET were used to switch AC, the load would be turned on half the time. A common solution is to use two MOSFETs back to back - which is what we do with our AC/DC SSRs.
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